In this cluster-randomized control trial in Madagascar, researchers assigned 3,738 mothers who were pregnant or had children under 11 months old to five different intervention groups within a larger scale community-based nutrition program. The groups were used to test growth-monitoring and promotion, varied intensity of nutrition counseling by community health workers, and different lipid-based nutritional supplementation (LNS) interventions. The study found that LNS supplementation over 12 months helped growth only if begun at 6 months of age. Authors suggest that early stimulation messages and home visits did not have an impact due to low uptake of behavior-change messages.