Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance implementing partners (IP) use U.S. Agency for International Development guidance, existing tools, and technical and programmatic considerations to make activity design decisions and select between cash, voucher, and in-kind modalities to support activities. USAID Advancing Nutrition explored the experience of IPs in selecting between these programming modalities and reviewed a selection of evidence from a variety of sources to derive insights of relevance to development, rapid-onset, and protracted emergency settings. Through a review of IP reports, better practice documentation, and academic reviews of evidence, a list of relevant findings and recommendations for program design was developed.