This desk review identified evidence gaps that could be filled by collecting primary data. Its objective was to review knowledge on the role of livelihood systems in the underlying causes of malnutrition in the region. The desk review identified the characteristics of the dryland ecosystem, common risks to pastoralist livelihoods systems, policies and systems that influence livelihoods success, and how communities adapt to these conditions and risks. It found several key evidence gaps including those related to intra-household livelihood adaptations in response to shocks; nutritional effects when pastoralists settle in and around towns; how pastoral mobility intersects with nutritional outcomes; and how informal social safety net systems have adapted over time.